Japan's working poor scratch living on society's margins

Sydney Morning Herald
August 30, 2008

Hard times have forced a new underclass to move into three-square-metre rooms – with internet access, writes Justin Norrie in Tokyo.

Hidefumi Ito smiles widely when he recalls the sprawling five-bedroom house he built for his family in Hakodate, in the north of Japan.

These days the 53-year-old divorcee's lodgings are somewhat smaller. As he huddles cross-legged behind a computer screen, Ito surveys his rented three-square-metre "Net room" in Tokyo's old town and wonders how he lost it all: the art gallery business he declared bankrupt, the wife and children who no longer talk to him, the sense of belonging to regular working society.

Crammed into his new living space, on the second floor of a drab, four-storey building in Shin-okachimachi, is a computer with high-speed internet access, a tiny sink, a few bags of his clothes, a copy of Haruki Murakami's novel Kafka On The Shore and a CD of jazz recordings by female singers.

For 1500 yen a day, the temporary shift worker - currently employed to lift and sort parcels for a delivery service - can enjoy his own "hiding place from the world" in Japan's cheapest accommodation, introduced a year ago to house those unable to afford a permanent home.

As morning arrives through the window, Ito stretches out across the full length of the tatami mat flooring, drapes a bath towel over himself and sleeps.

Such is life for one of the older members of Japan's "working poor". In the west the expression has been commonplace for decades but in Japan the borrowed English words make up the newest catch cry of the nation's media.. Over the past year newspapers and TV networks have become preoccupied with the vast generation of haken (part-time) working poor scratching out a minimal income and living in Net rooms, internet cafes and other makeshift accommodation.

The new underclass, estimated by some to make up almost one-quarter of the working population, emerged seven years ago under then prime minister Junichiro Koizumi, whose free-market reforms encouraged Japanese companies that once guaranteed lifetime employment to start recruiting temporary staff instead. Since then the proportion of Japan's workforce defined as part-time workers has climbed from 38 per cent to 44 per cent, according to government figures. A Health Ministry survey last year estimated that 5400 unemployed and part-time workers, many of them in their 20s, were sleeping for at least half of the week in internet cafes because they could not afford permanent homes.

Some, like Shigekazu Kinjo, a construction worker in his early 30s currently staying at an internet cafe near Shinjuku station, have been doing so for several years. "I accumulated a big debt on an apartment I was living in and eventually I was evicted," he says. "This is a much cheaper, but a much lonelier, way to live." Because they have no fixed address, internet cafe refugees such as Kinjo are forced to search for day-to-day work - usually manual labour - that in turn renders them ineligible for better jobs.

Lawyer Mami Nakano, an expert on labour regulations says that the "sad reality" for many is that it's "impossible to climb out of this situation. There's no hope. Most Japanese know about internet cafe refugees but they simply don't understand how horrible and hopeless the living conditions are. A whole subclass of people in their 20s and 30s has become trapped."

Unlike younger workers caught in Japan's poverty cycle, Ito has forsaken tiny internet cafe cubicles, 24-hour fast food restaurant booths and all-night saunas for the relative luxury of the Net room, designed and built last August by Tsukasa Downtown Development Company.

"I lived in internet cafes for half a month, but I could never get any sleep," he says. "It was too noisy. Here I can lie down and get some proper sleep. It's incomparably better."

Sachihiko Kawamata, the 60-year-old president of Tsukasa and originator of the Net room, says he was motivated by the plight of one man: "Three years ago there was a gentleman in his 40s from Hokkaido who came to Tokyo looking for work. He rented one of our cheap office spaces and slept on the floor. After a week or two he couldn't find any jobs, he ran out of money and he became desperate. Finally he threw himself off a nearby building. That affected me deeply."

Last year, as "internet cafe refugees" became a cause celebre in the local media, Kawamata decided to put his plan into action. So far he has fitted out 50 Net rooms in 15 blocks across Tokyo. He plans to build another 150. The 2000 tiny office spaces he rents out by the day are also used as temporary dwellings, although occupants are supposedly not meant to sleep in them. "Ever since I was a teenager in the US, when I was always struggling to find a place to spend the night, I felt a very strong sympathy for people with nowhere to go, nowhere to sleep."

Until now the Japanese Government has expressed grave concern about the expanding ranks of working poor but taken little practical action to offer them financial security. New laws adopted last May have forced employers to offer equal pay and training to part-timers performing tasks equivalent to those of regular workers. But the changes have affected less than 5 per cent of part-time workers.

Ito is bitter at what he perceives to be a half-hearted government response: "They don't seem to have any real plan at all for people like me. It's all very superficial stuff. Essentially we've been forgotten." Yamato Unyu, the delivery company that employs him to lift and sort parcels, pays him 15,000 yen a night. But because his two-month contract finishes at the end of this month, and because he has no idea where his next job will come from, he cannot afford to rent a studio apartment. "I can never plan my life very far ahead," Ito says. "For now I'm happy here."

This year the Net rooms have been filled almost to capacity. That, says Kawamata, is evidence of the growing divide between rich and poor in Japan, once a fabulously wealthy country where entrenched poverty was not common.

Statistics provided by TV Asahi showed that in the Bubble years of the 1980s the top 20 per cent of the population made 10 times more than the bottom 20 per cent. By 2000, they were making 168 times more.

In response, Prime Minister Yasuo Fukuda's cabinet recently announced it would introduce job-training loans next year to help part-timers make the transition to permanent work. It has also proposed to ban businesses from offering contracts of less than one month.

"It won't make any difference," says lawyer Nakano, "because the entire part-time work system is designed to facilitate human rights abuses by business. Until the government stops companies from hiring people on all short-term contracts - two months, six months, whatever - part-time workers will be completely unable to secure their livelihood."

http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2008/08/29/1219516735792.html?page=fullpage#contentSwap1

Climbing Mt. Fuji

The Japanese say that "one who never climbs Mount Fuji is a fool, and one who climbs twice is twice the fool."

A trip to the onsen sure helped with recuperation...

View more photos at flickr.

Japan's New Groove

By Hannah Beech
14 August 2008
Time International Magazine

Even as Japan's economy falters, a new generation of entrepreneurs is building a global reputation for style and innovation--by returning to the country's cultural roots.

Ninjas don't wear sweatshirts. Yoshiyuki Ogata, a Tokyo designer whose street fashion is stocked in upscale L.A. and London boutiques, was living in Seattle in the 1990s when he discovered a peculiar phenomenon. His friends overseas, Americans as well as other nationalities, were proud of their roots, while his Japanese mates tended to denigrate their own culture and idolize anything foreign. Ogata couldn't understand the impulse. Yes, he had traveled the world and had majored in international business. But Ogata had a black belt in karate. He loved the exquisite craftsmanship of Japan's artisans. So when he returned to Tokyo and started his own clothing line, Ogata took his fashion cues from the rich traditions of local design, not from some Parisian or New York City atelier. Today, instead of a hip-hop hoodie, Ogata wears a sleek hooded jacket that zips up to show only the eyes, a self-made creation inspired by what ninjas used to wear during their stealthy missions. "Because Japan was an isolated island for so long, there is so much that is unique about our culture," says Ogata, whose design for the Japanese contestant in the 2006 Miss Universe pageant won the best national costume award. "I want Japanese to be proud of our traditions, to understand that something Japanese can be just as fashionable as something from the West."

"Made in Japan" is getting a makeover. No longer are Japanese products simply equated with technological wizardry or muted expressions of international modernism. Instead, Japan's new exports draw inspiration from the country's abundant artistic heritage. Fashion designers are updating the kimono, while centuries-old sake distillers are proving that the rice-based spirit can be just as complex as a good Bordeaux. Movie directors are winning international awards for films that celebrate Japan's divine bond with nature, just as interior designers are fusing organic materials with industrial chic in a distinctively Japanese way. Instead of marketing to a global standard, one Japanese auto designer is even relying on a mythical serpent to provide the sinuous curves of its latest sports car. The results are edgy yet steeped in Japanese tradition. "You pick up an iPod, and it emanates California cool, just as Bang & Olufsen products feel very Scandinavian," says Tatsuya Matsui, an industrial designer who has created everything from robots to airplane interiors for a Japanese budget airline. "What you see coming out of Japan now are designs that will be loved because they have a feeling of Japanese-ness."

Old Is the New Cool
What a change from the Toyota Sedans and Sony stereos that have long defined Japan Inc. Sleek as those products may be, there is something culturally anonymous about them. It's as if these brands--along with a certain animated, mouthless cat that was introduced in 1974--were scrubbed clean of ethnic markings and sold instead as prototypes of a postnational world. The cultural distancing is understandable. Japan's wartime defeat equated nationalism with suffering. The occupying Americans discouraged indigenous martial arts like karate and kendo from Japanese schools, just as an Emperor whose name was used to justify a terrible war learned to focus on safer pursuits like marine biology. What aspiring Japanese fashion designer would want to, say, revive historical motifs when the rising sun still draws revulsion in Nanjing or Bataan?

For decades, Japan learned to love things foreign. By the 1980s, housewives chatted knowledgably about Cezanne or osso bucco. Novelist Haruki Murakami riffed on the cultural alienation many Japanese feel by filling his books with meditations on jazz and the Beatles. Top Japanese fashion designers decamped to Europe, while those back home emblazoned T shirts with phrases in broken English. Some chefs even abandoned traditional cuisine for the glories of beef stew or the potato croquette. "For my parents' generation, cool meant something was from the West," recalls fashion designer Ogata. "The subtext was that Japan wasn't cool."

Then came the long economic languishing of the 1990s, and the effective end of lifetime employment. Today, Japan still suffers a hangover from that difficult decade. The economy expanded by only 1% in the first quarter of this year, business confidence among top manufacturers hit a near five-year low in June, and the R word is being increasingly whispered. Compounding the nation's angst is the sense that it is being overtaken by ancient rival China. Yet one unexpected side benefit has been a flowering of artisanal culture, the antithesis of the monolithic companies that had come to symbolize "Made in Japan." "I hate to say it, but Hello Kitty was a sign of an immature country," says Kyoko Higa, a fashion designer whose kimono-inspired clothes have been shown on Beijing and Miami catwalks and who also served as a judge for the TV show America's Next Top Model. "Now, we've grown up and can express ourselves confidently."

The world is buying in. Take the success of the whimsically named Super Potato, an interior-design firm founded by Takashi Sugimoto. His designs have been commissioned in more than 20 countries, most notably in the high-end Grand Hyatt and Shangri-La hotel chains. Sugimoto was tired of the proliferation of stale Japanese icons overseas, the lackluster sushi bars or suburban karate studios. He decided, instead, to export a whole new aesthetic that plays with the collision of natural materials, such as bamboo and stone, with industrial matter such as scrap metal or junkyard finds. The result is a celebration of irregularity, a sharp contrast to a Western design sense that, even in its modernist forms, tends to hew to symmetry. "It's not just foreigners who didn't understand what it meant for something to be Japanese," says Sugimoto. "Many young Japanese think that a hamburger is a Japanese thing. We need to promote real Japanese culture at home and abroad."

Eat, Drink and Be Merry
For a country that has assimilated foreign concepts so successfully--today few Japanese think much of the overseas origins of baseball or curry--the idea of exporting true Japanese craftsmanship is, indeed, revolutionary. That instinct is what led a 383-year-old Japanese brewery last year to begin offering up bottles of sake in what might be considered enemy territory. At the Wa-Bi Salon in Paris, customers can sample Fukumitsuya sake, including several varieties that will stand up well to the rich sauces of celebrity chef Dominique Bouchet, who owns the eatery. In the U.S., where imports of the rice-based spirit have doubled over the past five years, premium sakes now appear alongside wine on drinks menus at high-end restaurants like New York City's wd-50. "Over the past five years, foreigners have really begun to appreciate sake," says Matsutaro Fukumitsu, the 13th generation of his family to produce Fukumitsuya alcohol. "Japanese food is seen as healthy, and sake has ridden that trend."

So, too, has a man who makes an unlikely living selling bean curd. In 2005 Shingo Ito started a company, Otokomae Tofuten, that makes premium tofu. "When I grew up, everyone was going to work for banks or trading companies," says the 39-year-old native of Chiba. "But I thought, I want to create a symbol of Japan that's hip but also draws from our society." Just three years later, Ito's tofu is a cult favorite in Japan and is being exported to America and the U.K. "The great thing is that tofu is seen as cool in places like the U.S.," he says. "We in Japan have forgotten that."

The New Patriots
With his velvet jacket and free-flowing mane, Takanori Aoki has a bit of the alt-rock star about him, but he's actually a designer with Japan's smallest automaker, Mitsuoka Motors. The company can't compete with a Toyota or Honda, so it has focused mainly on building what industry insiders snidely refer to as "replicars." Working at a small, unorthodox company meant that Aoki, 31, was given free rein to experiment. What he came up with in late 2006 was a $110,000 supercar modeled after a mythical Japanese snake with eight heads and eight tails. In other words, this is not your average Camry or Accord. The curvaceous car, which looks like something Gaudí might have come up with if he dabbled in automobile design, has so far found 70 buyers across the world, from Bahrain to Malaysia. "We know that Japan's not isolated anymore and that all countries are interconnected," says Aoki. "In that context, I think it's important to display our nationalism and say, This is what makes Japan different from other places."

The phenomenon has an ugly side, of course--jingoistic youth who can't understand why some Chinese or Koreans might continue to be miffed about comfort women or experiments with bubonic plague, particularly since Japanese textbooks still have a propensity to gloss over such wartime atrocities. But in an ex-imperialist country whose identity was so shattered that it ended up adopting peace as a national virtue--during the 1998 Nagano Winter Olympics flocks of dove-shaped balloons were released into the air, underlining the not-so-subtle point that Japan wasn't about to declare war anytime soon--the return to traditions is refreshingly, well, normal.

Japan's renewed sense of identity has also stoked a spiritual rediscovery. Under Shinto, the country's native religion, which blends a reverence for nature with Japan's founding myths, the Japanese Emperor is considered the direct descendant of the sun goddess Amaterasu; it was in Emperor Hirohito's sacred name that Japanese soldiers fought in World War II. When a battle-vanquished Hirohito announced in 1946 that he was not, in fact, a god in human form, some Japanese distanced themselves from the animist tradition. While shrines remained and festivals continued, Shinto was initially condemned by the occupying Americans as yet another ideology that had led Japan to wartime disaster. But centuries of tradition are hard to eschew. Today, for film director Naomi Kawase, who was raised by her grandparents in the ancient capital of Nara, Shinto's nature worship is integral to her work--and she's not about to apologize for it. Kawase won last year's runner-up prize at the Cannes Film Festival for The Mourning Forest, which celebrates man's mystical relationship with nature. "Because of the circumstances of my childhood, I never fell in love with the West, like many other Japanese did," says Kawase, 39. "My inspiration comes from our traditional culture, in which everything, even a little clump of grass, is divine."

Green Is Good
Shinto's veneration of nature fits right in with the world's new environmental consciousness. With 127 million people crammed ont0 a few small islands, Japan has for decades had little choice but to be green. But Japan's environmental fetish goes beyond separating bottles from cans or even designing eco-friendly buildings. Industrial designer Matsui, whose latest hit in Paris is a mannequin robot that interacts with passersby, named his seven-year-old company Flower Robotics. "For a long time, flowers were seen just as something beautiful, not a necessity," he says. "But the relationship between humans and nature, between humans and flowers, I think it's something we need to stay alive. We don't have to only make things that are useful. We can create things that give us happiness and have a sense of spirituality."

Matsui's pursuit of aesthetic pleasure is something Japan's traditional craftsmen understood well. Few nations imbue objects with as much import as Japan does. Tokyo must be the only government that designates the best potters or woodblock printers as Living National Treasures, or, to use the formal name, Bearers of Important Intangible Cultural Assets. The appellation currently applies only to artisans whose crafts have not strayed from the confines of the past. But with younger Japanese now introducing the world to updated versions of ancient culture, Japanese bureaucrats might do well to expand the definition. The new "Made in Japan" deserves it.


Smart Moves
Not everything Japan makes is a hit, but here are some winners over the years

1966
The Toyota Corolla rolls out--and goes on to become the world's top-selling model

1974
Sanrio Co. creates Hello Kitty, the red-bowed--and famously mouthless--cat

1979
Sony releases the Walkman, a portable cassette player that sells 50 million units in a decade worldwide

1985
Nintendo launches Super Mario Bros., which today is still the best-selling video game ever

1993
His new fashion line gains Issey Miyake reverence in the world of haute couture

1995
Tadao Ando wins the Pritzker Architecture Prize, his profession's highest honor

2001
The Toyota Prius, the first mass-produced hybrid car and a symbol of Japan's eco-friendly obsession, goes on sale worldwide

http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1832712,00.html